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科普知识类
[押题一]
押中指数☆☆☆☆☆
【押题依据】关注"健康"话题，特别是有关健康的一些新发现是高考科普类文章选材的一个热点。高考题在科普知识的选材上非常注重当今世界人们在科技领域的新发现，事物本身具有新颖性因此而倍受高考命题者的青睐。本文在命题方面既注重特定细节的准确理解，又注重推理判断题的考查。
Negative calories? You’ve got to be kidding me.
Is this possible? Can a food actually not only have no calories, but even have negative calories? Could you literally eat your way to fat loss?Yes. Although all foods carry some calories, the overall effect of certain foods in our body is that of "Negative calories".
Negative calorie foods are foods that use more calories to digest than the calories the foods actually contain.
Calories from these foods are much harder for the body to break down and process. In other words, the body has to work harder in order to extract calories from these foods. This gives these foods a natural fatburning advantage.
For example, a piece of pie consisting of 350 calories may only require 100 calories to be digested, thus a net gain of 250 calories will be added to your body fat.
But, if you eat 65 calories of a food that requires 150 calories to digest, then you’ve burnt an additional 50 calories simply by eating that food.
There are a large number of foods that combine low calories, delicious taste, and excellent negative calorie properties. To lose weight, you should not starve. Instead,eat a lot of negative calorie foods to lose that extra fat and become slim naturally.
1. The author of this passage suggests that if you want to lose weight you should_______.
A.eat foods with less calories
B.eat foods with negative calories
C.starve more
D.eat foods with low calories and delicious taste
2. How can you get negative calories, according to the passage?
A. Eat less food than necessary.
B. Eat foods that contain more calories than the calories it takes to digest.
C. Eat foods that require more calories to digest than the calories you get from the foods.
D. Eat less food and exercise more.
3. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?
A.Names of negative calorie foods.
B.What negative calorie foods are.
C.The effect of negative calorie foods.
D.How negative calorie foods work.
【解题关键】文章首先以问题的形式提出本文的中心，然后说明"负热量"食物的概念以及其作用，最后是作者的建议：减肥不应节食，而应该吃"负热量"食物。准确理解本文所介绍的negative calories的概念及其作用，准确捕捉特定细节并根据文章所提供的信息进行合理推理是做好本文的关键。
【答案解析】
1. B细节理解题。从文章最后一段得出答案，文章在分析了"负热量"食物的减肥原理后，最后建议减肥不应通过节食，而应该吃"负热量"食物。
2. C细节理解题。文章第三段说明，"负热量"食物就是用于消化所消耗的能量比食物本身含的能量多的食物（Negative calorie foods are foods that use more calories to digest than the calories the foods actually contain.）。
3. A推理判断题。从文章中找不到具体的"负热量"食物的名称。
[押题二]
押中指数☆☆☆☆
【押题依据】 从人们的日常行为入手，探讨其利弊是高考科普类文章选材的另一个热点。本文在命题方面注重对全文透彻的理解和把握，在选材和命题方面力求贴近高考。
Burning the midnight oil before an exam or interview has an opposite effect according to a research which found that sleep is necessary for memories to be "downloaded" into the brain.
"A good night’s sleep within 30 hours of trying to remember a new task is a necessary condition of having good recall (回忆) in the weeks ahead," scientists have found.
"We think that getting that first night’s sleep starts the process of memory consolidation (加强)," said Robert Stickgold, a sleep researcher at Harvard Medical School who conducted the latest study.
"It seems that memories are normally washed out of the brain unless some process nails them down. I feel uncertain that sleep is one of those things that do the nailing down," Professor Stickgold said.
Professor Stickgold’s team trained the 24 people to tell the direction of three diagonal bars(斜线) shown for a sixtieth of a second on a computer screen full of horizontal stripes(水平线条).
Half the subjects were kept awake that night, while the others slept. Both groups were allowed to sleep for the second and third nights to make up for any differences in tiredness between the volunteers（志愿者）.
Those who slept the first night were much better at remembering the task while the second group showed no improvement in spite of enjoying two nights of catchup sleep.
A further study by scientists at the Medical University at Lubeck in Germany showed that memories are laid down in two stages during the night. The first is during the deep, socalled "slow wave" sleep, which usually takes place in the first half of the night. The second, and less important stage happens during the periods of dreaming or "rapid eye movement (REM)". When people don’t sleep well in the first half of the night, their memory consolidation is almost the same as having no sleep at all.
1.Which of the following statements is correct according to Paragraph 1?
A. It is necessary to burn the midnight oil before an exam or interview.
B. Sleep speeds up the loss of memory.
C. Man should have a good sleep if he wants to keep a good memory.
D. Staying up late will make you better prepared for an exam or interview.
2.It can be inferred from Paragraph 4 that _______
A. some process helps memories to be washed out of the brain.
B. professor Stickgold is doubtful about whether sleep can make memories better.
C. some memories normally influence the function of the brain.
D. sleep improves the condition of memories.
3. How was the research conducted by Professor Stickgold ?
A. The subjects were divided into two groups.
B. All the subjects were kept awake for 3 nights.
C. One group slept at the first night but was kept awake the next two nights.
D. One group was kept awake for 3 nights but the other slept for the second and third nights.
4. What was the study result of the scientists at the Medical University at Lubeck?
A. REM sleep is not important at all for the consolidation for memory.
B. Intellectual performance mainly depends on the slow wave sleep period.
C. When people sleep poorly in the first half of the night, it is almost the same as having no sleep at all.
D. REM sleep is as important as slow wave sleep in terms of memory recall.
5. The best title of this passage is_____.
A. Sleep Necessary for Memories
B. The Importance of the First Stage of Sleep
C. Studies Made By Scientists About Sleep
D. The Scientists’ Achievement in Sleep Research
【解题关键】文章开门见山提出本文的中心：考试或面试前熬夜不但没有好处，而且有害。然后再通过科学家的实验进一步论证这一观点。抓住本文的中心并以此展开对整篇文章的理解，是做好本文的关键。大家应特别注意文章的第一段，因为这是本文的主题段。
【答案解析】
1. C综合判断题。本文通过实验说明好的睡眠对记忆力至关重要。文章第一段就交代了整篇文章的中心，对本题有提示作用。
2. D推理判断题。Professor Stickgold的话说明，睡眠是不让记忆力衰退的关键。
3. A细节理解题。文章第六、七段介绍参与实验者被分成两组，一组第一天晚上睡觉，另一组第一天晚上不睡觉。
4. B细节理解题。文章最后一段说明了slow wave睡眠阶段的重要性。
5. A主旨归纳题。归纳文章第一段的内容可得出本题答案。
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